As the chill of fall settles in, the season of sniffles begins. Whether it’s a cold, the flu or even COVID-19, respiratory illnesses tend to make a grand entrance, bringing with them familiar symptoms like sore throats, stuffy noses and fatigue. While colds are caused by over 200 different viruses, the flu stems from one of three influenza viruses and COVID-19, a newer contender, is its own virus altogether. Although they may share some similarities, there are key differences in symptoms, treatment and prevention that can help you manage each effectively.
Common Cold
Colds are the most common culprit behind that nagging cough or runny nose, with adults averaging two to four colds annually and children experiencing six to eight. Typically, a cold will start with a scratchy throat, evolving into congestion and cough within a few days. Symptoms usually clear up within 10 days.
“For children, colds are about the same as for adults, with the added potential for a mild fever,” says Dr. Sarah Crickman, a family medicine doctor with Roper St. Francis Physician Partners Primary Care. “Runny noses and coughs are typical, along with an increase in irritability in younger kids.”
Dr. Crickman advises that colds can generally be handled at home with rest, plenty of fluids and over-the-counter cold medicines. Antibiotics aren’t effective because colds are caused by viruses, not bacteria. Given the similarities in symptoms between colds and COVID-19, a quick test is recommended if symptoms align, particularly if someone is at high risk.
Flu
While cold symptoms can sneak up, the flu hits fast and hard. “If you’ve got the flu, you know it,” says Dr. Crickman. “Flu has an abrupt onset—it hits you like a ton of bricks. Suddenly you’re dealing with a fever, body aches and all the classic cold symptoms like a sore throat and cough.”
Flu symptoms often include high fevers, body aches and a deep fatigue that sets it apart from milder colds. Dr. Crickman suggests that those with underlying health conditions, children and elderly people especially take precautions, as flu can lead to complications like dehydration or even pneumonia.
The treatment approach for flu largely mirrors that of a cold: rest, fluids and over-the-counter medications to ease symptoms. Antivirals like Tamiflu can be prescribed in some cases, particularly for individuals at risk for severe illness.
COVID-19
Though it may feel similar to the flu or a cold, COVID-19 brings an added layer of concern due to its varied impact. Symptoms range from mild congestion to loss of taste and smell, fever and in some cases, respiratory distress. Dr. Crickman advises testing if you experience respiratory symptoms, particularly if you’re in close contact with high-risk individuals.
Preventive Steps to Take
“Keeping your hands clean and avoiding close contact with those who are sick is one of the best ways to prevent catching any of these,” says Dr. Crickman. “Washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds can make a huge difference.”
In addition to hand hygiene, Dr. Crickman emphasizes the importance of staying up-to-date with vaccinations. “There’s some thought that even if the flu shot or COVID-19 vaccine doesn’t prevent all cases, they can make symptoms less severe. That’s especially important for people with chronic medical conditions.”
When to Seek Medical Help
If you’re experiencing intense symptoms like high fever, difficulty breathing or sharp chest pain, it’s best to see a doctor. COVID-19, flu and even sinus infections can lead to complications, especially in vulnerable groups. And remember, if symptoms don’t improve or if you develop a severe cough with colored mucus, a visit to your healthcare provider can make all the difference.
So as you stock up on tissues and soup this season, keep these tips in mind to manage your symptoms and help protect those around you.
This blog was inspired by the original blog, It’s Sniffle Season, written by Stratton Lawrence.